mākua in ACADEMIA

Many facets of Mākua – from endangered species found nowhere else in the world to the militarization of the valley – have been researched, written about, and published in academic journals or for scholarly projects. Click the titles to read the full academic articles. Each title below is followed by an excerpt from the publication or work. Webmaster comments, if any, will be bracketed and italicized. More will be added all the time, so please check back.

2020

MĀKUA VALLEY: AN ANTHROPOCENTRIC STORY OF RESTORATION AND RECONNECTION

By Dr. Emanuela Borgnino – Shima journal, Shima Publishing (Australia) – Volume 14, Number 2

This article focuses on ecological restoration and Indigenous re-claiming practices in the Valley of Mākua, on the island of O’ahu, Hawai’i, an area currently occupied by the US military. The island ‘welcomes’ an average of 6 million tourists a year seeking the so- called, ‘aloha experience.’ However, staging “Paradise” comes with a cost, the denial of a colonial past and an exploitative present. The aim of this article is to analyse Indigenous sovereignty eco-cultural practices through the activities of the Mālama Mākua association in the Valley of Mākua, which propose a new kind of relationship with the land a new ‘experience’ based on responsibilities and obligations rather than enjoyment and consumption.

2019

ACCOMPANIMENT THROUGH CARCERAL GEOGRAPHIES: ABOLITIONIST RESEARCH PARTNERSHIPS WITH INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

By Dr. Laurel Mei-Singh – Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography, Wiley – 2019

The eventual bulldozing of this community sought to repress these vibrant forms of life that refuse to reproduce structures of domination epitomized by Mākua Military Reservation occupying more than 4000 acres across the street. The formation at Mākua Beach enacted “ea”, a Kanaka Maoli (Hawaiian) concept meaning life, breath, and sovereignty. Because this posed a veritable challenge to colonial occupation, on 22 January 1983, the State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) evicted the houseless community. Officers arrested six people who remained in an act of civil disobedience as they sat in a circle singing “Hawai‘i Loa Kū Like Kākou” (All Hawai‘i Stand Together).

Effectiveness of snap and A24-automated traps and broadcast anticoagulant bait in suppressing commensal rodents in Hawaii

By Aaron B. Shiels, Tyler Bogardus, Jobriath Rohrer, and Kapua Kawelo – Human-Wildlife Interactions journal, Jack H. Berryman Institute, Utah State University – Fall 2019

We conducted our experiment using 2 mesic forest sites located at 600–900 m elevation in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu Island, Hawaii. At the treatment site (Ohikilolo, within the Makua Military Reservation), we attempted to suppress rodent activity with a combined strategy of kill-traps and Diphacinone-50, and we compared the results to a reference site (Kapuna) where no rodent control occurred (Figure 1). The treatment area in Ohikilolo (158° 11’ 35.553”W, 21° 30’ 47.459”N) consisted of a steeply sloped 5-ha area that was fenced to exclude ungulates and is only accessible via helicopter or long hike (Figure 2).

Nonnative rodents are ubiquitous at Ohikilolo, including black rats, Pacific rats, and house mice. Norway rats are not typically found in forests in Hawaii, but they are established in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas (Shiels 2010, Shiels et al. 2014). Black rats numerically dominate these forests, outnumbering Pacific rats by ~10-fold (Shiels 2010). Negative impacts of each of these 3 rodent species in mesic forests near Ohikilolo have been reported for native plants, insects, snails, and birds (Shiels et al. 2013, OANRP 2018), and the dominant black rat is known as the most damaging rodent to island forests (Shiels et al. 2014).

Aloha aina: Native Hawaiian environmental justice for sustainability in Kiana Davenportʻs Fictions

By Kristiawan Indriyanto, Ida Rochani Adi, and Arif Rokhman of Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia) – Presented at First International Conference on Environment and Sustainability Issues, July 18-19, 2019, Semarang, Central Java Indonesia

This paper contextualizes the representation of environmental issues in Kiana Davenport’s fictions. A native Hawai’ian writer, Davenport foregrounds issues such as forced land appropriation, pollution and toxic emission from the United States’ military presence in this archipelago and the detrimental impact of tourism in the local ecology. Criticizing ongoing American exploitation of her homeland, the issues depicted in Davenport’s fictions is distinct from Anglo-Saxon natural writing in which the focal point is on preservation, pastoral and agrarian outlook. Davenport articulates the native Hawai’ians’ ancestral epistemology concerning human and non-human relationship through aloha aina (respect and love to the land and all the entities) as a counter to the anthropocentric Western perception of nature. Moreover, her literature shares similar concern with the environmental justice movement that underlines the shared connection between marginalization of the ethnic minorities and the degradation of their environment. This present study applies environmental justice ecocriticism, as theorized by T.V Reed that ethnic literature functions as a cultural artifact which performs an advocatory role to articulate the resistance of the disempowered social group. To conclude, this paper argues that reconciliation between the indigenous people and the white majority is needed so that environmental sustainability can be achieved.

[…]

The local islanders’ respect toward the nature is underlined by their attempt in restoring the degraded environment. The Kanaka Maoli embodies the bioregional tenet of reinhabitation, not only to minimize hard to the environment but to find ways of living that repair the environmental harm caused by previous reinhabitation. [42] Davenport asserts how the indigenous Hawai’ian’s obedience into Aloha aina epistemology is the counter for the mechanistic and deterministic Western disregard of nature. This demonstration succeeded in launching a petition to the United Nation for review the circumstances concerning U.S. military presence in Makua Valley and eventually repel the military forces from the Kanaka Maoli’s homeland.

2018

Development of a solar irradiance dataset for Oahu, Hawaii

By Sarah Williamson, Steven Businger, and Dax Matthews – Renewable Energy journal – Volume 128, May 2018

Abstract: Solar power as an alternative energy source in Hawai'i has grown in recent years, with increasing amounts of photovoltaic panels found statewide. Power resource management and grid stability require that the variability in irradiance, hence, solar power coming into the electric grid be understood. The aim of this study is to produce an irradiance dataset for Oahu, Hawaii, containing temporal and spatial variability, so it can be used in modeling power generation.

Images from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite are used to estimate surface irradiance within the Heliosat method and are validated against ground-based pyranometer measurements. The diurnal cycle was then removed to assess the accuracy of the Heliosat method in estimating atmospheric attenuation. Lastly, the irradiance data was converted into DC power to consider the dataset in terms of power generation.

The irradiance dataset produced has RMSE values of 15-30% depending on location, with correction for viewing angle discrepancies found to improve the performance. Variability on sub hourly, diurnal, monthly and yearly time scales are found within the dataset, as well as events such as an El Nino year, a La Nina year and Kona lows, together with a spatial distribution consistent with previous research.

2017

DeTours: Mapping Decolonial Genealogies in Hawaii

By Dr. Laurel Mei-Singh and Dr. Vernadette Vicuna Gonzalez – Journal of Critical Ethnic Studies Association, University of Minnesota Press – Volume 3, Number 2

DeTours stand as one of many efforts in Hawaiʻi today that have emerged from ongoing resistance to the continuing, flexible project of U.S. empire. In the decades following annexation, the banning of the Hawaiian language, the decline of the Hawaiian-language press, and the loss of the Hawaiian land base erased much of this story. […] While DeTours emerged out of Hawaiian self-determination efforts, they also stem from projects addressing the multiple forms of colonization that have defined the islands' history. […] Identifying the U.S. military as a salient perpetrator of land theft and environmental destruction, the emergent Hawaiian movement incorporated demilitarization activism into its efforts.

Demilitarization work rooted in aloha ʻāina spread to other parts of Hawaiʻi. At Mākua, a beach and cluster of valleys on Oʻahu's west side that is the site of the Mākua Military Reservation, the U.S. military evicted its tenants during World War II during martial law and used it later for live-fire training. Hawaiian-led demilitarization efforts and antiwar movements initiated in the 1970s during the Vietnam War and nuclear testing in the Pacific spurred organizing to protect Mākua. Later, in 1996, [Dr. Kyle] Kajihiro connected with the American Friends Service Committee Hawaiʻi Area Program in Waiʻanae, the region that hosts Mākua and where military bases occupy 34 percent of the land and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders comprise 62 percent of the population. As a community organizer, his work aimed to raise "awareness, to research and kind of figure out angles ... to build our movement against the Army there." Kajihiro implemented political education initiatives "to draw out those contradictions [of military occupation] and to also engage new people in the struggle, so to kind of build the forces that would be able to oppose."

2016

CARCERAL CONSERVATIVISM: CONTESTED LANDSCAPES AND TECHNOLOGIES OF DISPOSSESSION AT KAʻENA POINT, HAWAIʻI

By Dr. Laurel Mei-Singh – American Quarterly, Johns Hopkins University Press – Volume 68, Number 3

The predator-proof fence at Kaʻena Point also stands as an element of a vastly militarized region fashioned by the confluence of fencing and environmental conservation. Mākua [is] five miles south of Kaʻena Point, where a chain-link fence topped with barbed wire surrounds the valley that is now a military reservation. The US military displaced its residents and seized this land after the Pearl Harbor bombing. As the army previously used this land for target practice, the community group Mālama Mākua initiated a lawsuit that has prevented live-fire training since 1998. Further, to protect the over forty endangered species in the valley and ensure compliance with the Endangered Species Act, the military now funds extensive environmental conservation programs in Mākuaʻs surrounding mountains. Despite this fact, over four thousand acres at Mākua remain in military hands.

By analytically linking Kaʻena’s predator-proof fence to the fence surrounding Mākua Valley, I place Kaʻena’s conservation infrastructure into a genealogy of military occupation. The two fences are not linked spatially, and they differ in obvious ways: the US military encloses Mākua for war preparation, while the State of Hawaiʻi constructed the fence at Kaʻena for a wildlife reserve, producing a space amenable to tourism. Nevertheless, both fences interrupt, manage, and control land-based relationships to reconsolidate and legitimize state authority in the face of powerful grassroots claims to land. Carceral conservationism describes the territorial compromise between grassroots efforts for environmental self-determination and state imperatives to control land and natural resources.

Integrating Cultural Impact Assessments into Environmental Analysis

By Claudia Nissley – Environmental Practice: Journal of the National Association of Environmental Professionals, Cambridge University Press – Volume 18, Number 3

What types of proposed projects and environmental reviews are good candidates for integrating a CIA [Cultural Impact Assessment] into environmental analyses? The projects that include, or affect, an geographical area that is clearly identified and well known as a valued place of cultural tradition is a starting point; however, all environmental assessments could benefit from including a CIA. Sometimes, the cultural value of an area is well known and apparent from the beginning of the proposal process. In his analysis of the decision-making processes used by government agencies to approve or reject projects that impact the environment, Robert Evans looks at three case studies: a live fire training by the Army in the Mākua Valley, Oahu; a radio communications tower on Mount Taylor, located in US Forest Service lands in New Mexico; and a coal mine expansion on the Crow reservation and ceded land in Montana, which was reviewed and approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Evans, 2014). All three cases could have benefited from including a CIA in the environmental analysis; however, the first two cases involve sacred ecosystems that are well-known beyond the traditional cultural groups that use them. In fact, the cultural heritage of both Mākua Valley and Mount Taylor are so well documented that their value to the indigenous peoples of the respective areas are described in Wikipedia. Both of these projects would have been ideal candidates for a CIA, because some of the cultural traditions and values involved with these two sites are public knowledge. By including the Native Hawaiians and the Navajo early in the planning process and the process development of alternatives for these two projects, better outcomes might have been achieved more quickly.

2015

The Empires' Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific

By Sasha Davis – Excerpted from the book Networks of Affinity and Myths of the Postcolonial Pacific, University of Georgia Press

[Though Mākua is the intense main focus of Mālama Mākua, we understand very well that the militarization experienced in Mākua is not at all isolated. In this chapter of the book Networks of Affinity and Myths of the Postcolonial Pacific, author Sasha Davis explores the connections of militarization and resistance in places such as Mākua and the greater Oʻahu, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Kwajalein, Okinawa, and the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. – Webmaster]

2014

BECOMING ʻPEARL HARBORʻ: A ʻLOST GEOGRAPHYʻ OF THE AMERICAN EMPIRE

By Kyle Kajihiro – A thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography – May 2014

MOURNING THE LAND - Kanikau in Noho Hewa: The Wrongful Occupation of Hawai‘i

By Dr. Marie Alohalani Brown – American Indian Quarterly, University of Nebraska Press – Summer 2014

[T]hese chanters are praying for the recovery of Mākua Valley after an army munitions burn raged out of control and “engulfed half the valley, sacred sites and endangered species habitats.” In this case, the kanikau not only laments the damage caused to Mākua but also works to repair it. This is not the first time that a fire has rav- aged the valley. The military has been using Mākua for live-fire training since the 1920s.34 As a child growing up in that area during the 1970s, I remember hearing the echo of explosions and seeing the occasional black expanse of charred mountainside.

Another important aspect of this kanikau is that it can be under- stood as both a testimony and a protest against the US military occu- pation of Hawai‘i and its use of the land it appropriated. The kanikauis also an eloquent reminder of the Native Hawaiian presence. It is ap- parent from the soldiers in the scene that the chanters had requested and were granted access to a restricted area to practice their kanikau. This small victory, as well as their performance, is empowering for the Native Hawaiian community. Additionally, because of our relationship with the ‘āina, praying for its recovery also works to ease our own pain. Furthermore, this kanikau underscores the Native Hawaiian perspective of the ‘āina as a living entity. These chanters are acting as witnesses for Mākua Valley. Not only are they speaking to her; they are speaking for her. Because the ‘āina cannot speak for itself, it cannot offer its own tes- timony, at least not in ways that have import juridically or politically, as this group is doing for her. Their kanikau recognizes that she has been ravaged. And while there were few actual witnesses to the events that in- spired the kanikau and its actual performance, the number of witnesses grows as more and more people see the documentary.

Decision Making in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process

By Robert Evans – Environmental Practice: Journal of the National Association of Environmental Professionals, Cambridge University Press – Volume 16, Number 4

This article analyzes the decision-making processes used by government agencies to approve or reject projects that may have significant impacts on the environment. One may believe that an agency will use a well-defined procedural process for making decisions, but, in reality, various internal and external factors have greater influences over the decision maker. This article examines some of the real- life inputs into the decision-making process and analyzes the results of three agency decisions that affected the environment.

[…]

The first example involves the US Army’s decision to conduct live-fire training at the Mākua Military Reservation. The Mākua Valley is located on the western side of the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Perched between the Pacific Ocean and the volcanic bluffs of the Waiʻanae Mountains, the valley is home to endangered plant and animal species, as well as numerous archaeological ruins. The name Mākua means “parent” in the Hawaiian language, and some claim that the Mākua Valley is the mythic birthplace of the Hawaiian people (Myers, 2001). The Mākua Valley is also home to the US Army’s Mākua Military Reservation.

[…]

A group of residents and the advocacy group Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Army in response to the wildfires. The plaintiffs demanded that the Army comply with the requirements of NEPA and conduct a thorough review of the environmental impacts of training on the Mākua Valley. Local activists also believed that the Army did not fully understand and respect the sacredness of the Makua Valley (Myers, 2001).

2013

MĀKUA VALLEY

By Ileana Haunani Ruelas, MA – A thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology

This case study aims to contribute to scholarship on social movements, and the application of these concepts to Hawaiʻiʻs political history. Mākua Valley has been occupied by the military since World War II, and has been a widely contested area of land located on the west side of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. I present a case study of a long-term land struggle at Mākua Valley within the context of competing frames between the Army and the proponents of stewardship change. Through this paper, I examine the different stages of the struggle at Mākua over an eight-year period (between September 1998 and December 2006) through media content and personal narratives. Over the course of time, this particular movement demonstrates the role of the media in presenting selective frames, the development of legal strategy as a means to achieve social movement objectives, and the impact of changing political opportunities on processes of change (9-11).

Current distribution and abundance of the O‘ahu ‘Elepaio

By Eric A. Vanderwerf, Michael T. Lohr, Andrew J. Titmus, Philip E. Taylor, and Matthew D. Burt – The Wilson Journal of Ornithology – Volume 125, Number 3

Abstract: The O‘ahu ‘Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis) is an endangered monarch flycatcher endemic to the Hawaiian Island of O‘ahu. Current information on abundance, distribution, and population trend is needed to help assess the species status and identify areas where conservation efforts can be focused. We used spot-mapping methods with song playbacks to conduct surveys in the Ko‘olau Mountains from 2011–2012, and we used occupancy sampling with repeated visits to estimate detection probability. We detected 545 male and 317 female O‘ahu ‘Elepaio. The detection probability of males was 0.92 6 0.03 and that of females was 0.86 6 0.05, yielding corrected estimates of 592 males (95% CI 5 554–630) and 369 females (95% CI 5 327–411). Combined with results of a previous census in the Wai‘anae Mountains that found 192 males and 84 females, the total estimated population of the species is 1,261 birds (95% CI 5 1,205–1,317), consisting of about 477 breeding pairs and 307 single males. The O‘ahu ‘Elepaio has declined in abundance by about 50% since the 1990s, when the population was estimated to be about 1,974 birds. The current geographic range of the O‘ahu ‘Elepaio encompassed about 5,187 ha and has declined by 75% since 1975, becoming fragmented into four larger subpopulations with 100 or more birds each and 12 smaller subpopulations. Rat control to reduce nest predation remains the cornerstone of the conservation strategy for the O‘ahu ‘Elepaio, but variation in forest structure, forest dynamics, and continuing evolution of ‘elepaio nesting behavior are likely to play important roles in determining whether this species can persist.

INVASIVE CONGENERS ARE UNLIKELY TO HYBRIDIZE WITH NATIVE HAWAIIAN BIDENS (ASTERACEAE)

By Matthew L. Knope, Richard J. Pender, Daniel J. Crawford, and Ania M. Wieczorek – American Journal of Botany – Volume 100, Number 6

Premise of the study: Invasive plant species threaten native plants in multiple ways, one of which is genetic assimilation through hybridization. However, information regarding hybridization between related alien and native plant species is gener- ally lacking. In Hawaii, the invasive Central American species Bidens pilosa and Bidens alba have colonized natural areas and often grow alongside the native Hawaiian Bidens species, a clade representing an adaptive radiation of 27 endemic taxa, many of which are threatened or endangered.

Methods: To assess the risk of hybridization between introduced and native Hawaiian Bidens (which will readily hybridize with one another), we undertook crosses in cultivation between the invasive species and nine native Bidens taxa.

Key results: The majority of the crosses formed no viable seed. Although seed did mature in several of the crosses, morphologi- cal screening of the resulting seedlings indicated that they were the result of self-pollination.

Conclusions: This result suggests that B. alba and B. pilosa are incapable of hybridizing with these Hawaiian Bidens taxa. Further, we found that B. alba in Hawaii was self-compatible, despite self-incompatibility throughout its native range, and that the tetraploid species B. alba and the hexaploid species B. pilosa were cross-compatible, although pollen fertility was low.

2012

Observations of Thin Layers in Coastal Hawaiian Waters

By Margaret A. McManus, Jeff C. Sevadjian, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Olivia M. Cheriton, Amanda H. V. Timmerman, and Chad M. Waluk – Estuaries and Coasts: Journal of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Foundation – Volume 35, Number 4, July 2012

Abstract: Thin layers of plankton have been documented in a wide variety of environments. The growing body of observations indicates that these features are a critical component of marine ecosystem dynamics and functioning. In the past two decades, much of the research on thin layers was undertaken in temperate coastal waters. Here, we report the first known observations of thin layers of phytoplankton in tropical Hawaiian waters. We conducted an overnight shipboard study during which time we made high-resolution observations of physical and optical structure in the water column. During the overnight cruise, we observed the greatest number of thin layers in the early evening hours when thermal stratification was strongest and most persistent due to a combination of warm air and surface water, as well as light winds. A comparison of these observations with those from temperate regions leads us to hypothesize that the nature and persistence of the physical structure is very important in determining the persistence of thin layered structures. Because plankton biomass is generally lower in tropical regions, the heterogeneous aggregation of food in thin subsurface layers may be more critical to the marine ecosystem than it is in temperate regions where plankton are generally more abundant.

2011

Comparison of Rainfall Interpolation Methods in a Mountainous Region of a Tropical Island

By Alan Mair and Ali Fares – Journal of Hydrologic Engineering – Volume 16, Number 4, April 2011

Abstract: A total of 21 gauges across the mountainous leeward portion of the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, were used to compare rainfall interpolation methods and assess rainfall spatial variability over a 34-month monitoring period from 2005 to 2008. Traditional and geo- statistical interpolation methods, including Thiessen polygon, inverse distance weighting (IDW), linear regression, ordinary kriging (OK), and simple kriging with varying local means (SKlm), were used to estimate wet and dry season rainfall. The linear regression and SKlm methods were used to incorporate two types of exhaustive secondary information: (1) elevation extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM), and (2) distance to a regional rainfall maximum. The Thiessen method produced the highest error, whereas OK produced the lowest error in all but one period. The OK method produced more accurate predictions than linear regression of rainfall against elevation when the correlation between rainfall and elevation is moderate (R < 0:82). The SKlm method produced lower error than linear regression and IDW methods in all periods. Comparison of the OK interpolation map with gridded isohyet data indicate that the areas of greatest rainfall deficit were confined to the mountainous region of west Oʻahu.

The US military base network and contemporary colonialism: Power projection, resistance and the quest for operational unilateralism

By Sasha Davis – Political Geography journal – Volume 30, Number 4 May 2011

This article explores the contemporary global network of US military bases. This paper examines how the geography of this network is shaped not only by military objectives but also by resistance from allied governments and communities adjacent to bases. Using examples from Guam, Puerto Rico, Okinawa and other locales this paper examines how local resistances to US bases have caused the Department of Defense to increasingly rely on non-sovereign islands as sites for bases. These sites, military strategists believe, will enable the military to train without hindrance and to operate without the need for consultation with allies. These colonies, however, are also sites were military activities are actively resisted. The resulting base network is thus shaped not only by global military priorities, but also by an increasingly globalized network of local social movements resisting militarization.

Eradication of feral goats (Capra hircus) from Makua Military Reservation, Oahu, Hawaii

By M.D. Burt and J. Jokiel – Paper presented at International Conference on Island Invasives, University of Auckland (New Zealand), 2011

Feral goats (Capra hircus) were a significant threat to the native habitat and endangered biota unique to the Makua Military Reservation (MMR) on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The Oahu Army Natural Resource Programme (OANRP) was tasked with the removal of these animals. From December 1995 through February 1997, ground hunts were undertaken by contract hunters from the U. S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services while plans for a fence to enclose the 1695 ha MMR were finalised. In 1996-1997, the first stretch of fencing separating MMR from a public hunting area was completed along with fencing around the eastern perimeter of the valley. Contract and staff hunts continued along with snares until the last portion of the fence was finished in 2000. OANRP staff then employed other techniques to complete the eradication, including Judas goats and aerial hunting. When the last goat was eradicated in July 2004, a total of 1565 goats had been destroyed using a combination of techniques.

2008

The Militarizing of Hawai‘i: Occupation, Accommodation, and Resistance

By Dr. Kyle Kajihiro – Excerpted from the book Asian Settler Colonialism: From Local Governance to the Habits of Everyday Life in Hawaiʻi, University of Hawaiʻi Press

Militarism in Hawai‘i cannot be reduced to a simple product of military policy. Instead, it must be understood as the result of a complex interaction of forces, including the political and economic fears and ambitions of global powers; the way key actors in the local society either resisted, accommodated, or collaborated in the process of militarization; the deployment of strategies to normalize and maintain militarism; and the interplay of ideologies of race, class, and gender that not only justified but often encouraged the expansion of empire.

Invasive slugs as under-appreciated obstacles to rare plant restoration: evidence from the Hawaiian Islands

By Stephanie M. Joe and Curtis C. Daehler – Biological Invasions journal – Volume 10, Number 2, February 2008

Abstract Introduced slugs have invaded many parts of the world where they were recognized as important pests of gardens and agriculture, but we know little about the effects of introduced slugs on rare plants in natural areas. The Hawaiian Islands have no native slugs, but over a dozen introduced slug species are now established. We reviewed Rare Plant Recovery Plans produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Hawaii and found that introduced slugs were specifically mentioned as threats or potential threats to 59 rare plant species (22% of all endangered and threatened plants), based mainly on anecdotal observations by field biologists. We then initiated an experimental field study to assess the impact of slug herbivory on the growth and survival of two endangered plant species (Cyanea superba, and Schidea obovata), one non-endangered native species (Neste- gis sandwicensis) and two co-occurring invasive plant species (Psidium cattleianum and Clidemia hirta). In mesic forest on the Island of Oahu, we tracked the fate of outplanted seedlings in replicated 1 m2 plots, with and without slug control. Slugs decreased seedling survival of the endangered species by 51%, on average. Slugs did not significantly affect survival of the non-endangered or invasive plant species. Introduced slugs seem to be under-appreciated as a direct cause of plant endangerment. Invasive slugs may also facilitate the success of some invasive plant species by reducing competition with more palatable, native plant competitors. Slug control measures are relatively inexpensive and could facilitate rare plant establishment and population recovery.

(Sur(f)aces): An Environmental Impact Statement

By Ryan Oishi – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in English – May 2008

Mynah Litature [mahy-nuh lit-uh-cher]

–noun

1. An essay by Deleuze and Guattari.

2. In Hawaii, a body of literature referring to the mynah bird, including “Sassy Little Mynah Bird,” “Two coconuts and a mynah bird in one papaya tree,” and this poem.

a. Often written in pidgin.

b. Brought to Hawaii from India to control an infestation of army worms, but ultimately unsuccessful due to a preference for papayas (see above) and mangoes (from India). Without natural predators, army worms thrive in Makua Valley, Pōhakuloa, Schofield Barracks, currently occupying 20 percent of available land on Oʻahu; in the Pacific, army worms can also be found in Guam, the Philippines, Okinawa, Japan, and South Korea (formerly of Kahoʻolawe, the Bikini Atolls, and Vietnam).

3. Often composed in a mynah key to convey a deep sense of loss.

The Army Learns to Luau: Imperial Hospitality and Military Photography in Hawai‘i

By Adria L. Imada – The Contemporary Pacific journal – Volume 20, Number 2, Fall 2008

The Americanized idiom “luau” already mandates its own misrecognition by outsiders, for in its Hawaiian usage, “lū‘au” is not a feast. The word “lū‘au” in fact refers to the young leaves of the taro plant that are cooked with meat. Haole (white) visitors to Hawai‘i in the early nine- teenth century confused this dish with the parties at which it was served. In ‘ōlelo Hawai‘i (Hawaiian language), the celebratory event commonly known today as a “luau” is called either ‘aha‘āina (literally, an “eating gathering”) or pā‘ina, a party for one’s family and community. On a typical weekend in the Islands, one finds many “backyard” lū‘au or ‘aha‘āina thrown by Island communities to celebrate events such as a baby’s first birthday, a wedding, or other rites of passage.

However, my focus here is not the localized practices of feasting and festivity but their touristic other: the popular commodity that circulates in the global cultural marketplace and signals Native hospitality toward outsiders. These luaus manage to harken back to the “tropics” even as they travel far beyond them, signifying insouciant escape. College fraternities across the US continent regularly host annual luaus that require guests to “play Hawaiian” by wearing grass skirts, while the Evite.com invitation Web site offers several do-it-yourself luau-themed party templates with tiki-torch and hula-girl motifs.

Hoʻi Hou iā Papahānaumoku: A History of Ecocolonization in the Puʻuhonua of Waiʻanae

By Trisha Kehaulani Watson – A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies – December 2008

Abstract: For the indigenous people of Hawaiʻi, well-being derived directly from their relationship to their land, and as such, the economic, social and physical ailments that plague them today are symptoms of their separation from their land and traditional lifestyle. This separation resulted from ecocolonization, a new theory created in this dissertation. Ecocolonization is the process by which indigenious people collaterally suffer the effects of the seizure and destruction of their natural resources by an outside political force, in this case, western settlement in Hawaiʻi. This dissertation looks at how Hawaiians speak of their own land and their relationship to it to explore the impact of ecocolonization in Waiʻanae by employing indigenous epistemologies, specifically Hawaiian epistemologies. The theory of ecocolnization is then developed and used to explore the history of Waiʻanae. We see how Waiʻanae residents work to keep it as a puʻuhonua, or santuary, for the Native Hawaiians who live there. We learn westerns who stole the waiwai or wealth from Waiʻanae through the seizure of land and water and how this led to economic devastation in the district. We look at the complete seizure of Mākua Valley and reflect upon the site as a symbol of how the Hawaiian family unit has been dismantled. We look at the relationship between healthy land and healthy people and analyze the use of poor health as a means of keeping Hawaiians colonized. Ultimately, the ills we witness in Hawaiʻi today among ʻōiwi can only be cured when the land and natural resources of Native Hawaiians are returned to them, such that they may restore the traditional practices that first granted them well-being; for prosperity will only return to Hawaiians when we hoʻi hou iā Papahānaumoku, return to Papahānaumoku.

2007

Indigenous Peoples and Radical Futures in Global Politics

By Nevzat Soguk – New Political Science: A Journal of Politics and Culture – Volume 29, Number 1, March 2007

Contemporary indigenous movements in global politics are energized by indigenous histories as paradoxical sites of both domination and resistance. Indigenous knowledges work as sites of indigenous epistemologies that take centuries-long subordination by a myriad of forces and turn it into a process productive of transformative politics. For indigenous peoples, this is a question of strategy of effective politics. This article examines how this strategy is made possible and how it challenges modern politics anchoring the hierarchical relations and institutions of local and global orders. It argues that historically indigenous experiences in modernity point to relations of domination and marginalization of indigenous ontologies as well as highlight the centuries-long insurrectional indigenous engagements with the modern world. The article draws on various historical and contemporary indigenous experiences—in the Americas, in Hawaii and at the United Nations—to contend that indigenous activisms in national and transnational settings offer new insights into how local and global political-economic relations and structures can be radically and constructively re-envisioned.

A geographic mosaic of passive dispersal: population structure in the endemic Hawaiian amber snail Succinea caduca (Mighels, 1845)

By Brenden S. Holland and Robert H. Cowie – Molecular Ecology journal – Volume 16

Abstract: We used 276 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI, 645 bp) and a subset of 84 16S large ribosomal subunit (16S, 451 bp) sequences to evaluate geographic patterns of genetic vari- ation in 24 populations of the endemic Hawaiian land snail Succinea caduca spanning its range on six islands. Haplotype networks, gene tree topologies, pairwise molecular divergence and FST matrices suggest substantial geographic genetic structuring and complex dispersal patterns. Low nucleotide diversity and low pairwise molecular divergence values within populations coupled with higher between population values suggest multiple founder events. High overall haplotype diversity suggests diversification involving rare interpopulation dispersal, fragmentation by historical lava flows and variation in habitat structure. Within-island rather than between-island population comparisons accounted for the majority of molecular variance. Although 98% of 153 COI haplotypes were private by population, a Mantel test showed no evidence for isolation by distance. Mismatch distributions and population partitioning patterns suggest that genetic fragmentation has been driven by punctuated, passive dispersal of groups of closely related haplotypes that subsequently expanded and persisted in isolation for long periods (average > 2 million years ago), and that Pleistocene island connections may have been important in enhancing gene flow. Historical availability of mesic coastal habitat, together with effective dispersal may explain the long-term persistence and unusual multi-island distribution of this species, contrasting with the single-island endemism of much of the Hawaiian biota.

2006

The Impact of the Military Presence in Hawai‘i on the Health of Nā Kānaka Maoli

By Kalamaokaʻaina Niheu, MD; Laurel Mei Turbin, MPH; Seiji Yamada, MD, MPH – Pacific Health Dialogue: Journal of Community Health and Clinical Medicine for the Pacific – Volume 13, Number 2

The presence of the United States military on the islands of Hawai‘i, including at sacred Mākua, has affected the health and well-being of Native Hawaiians through large-scale historical processes, most notably Western colonization. This history has been shaped by the takeover of land for the purposes of military and commercial interests. We explore the effects that these interests have had upon the health of Native Hawaiian people also known as na Kānaka Maoli. Changes in policy and new program development are needed to improve the current poor health status of Native Hawaiians. In addition, potential avenues of research are proposed to evaluate the effects that the military presence has had upon the indigenous peoples of Hawai‘i.

Numerical Simulations of Airflow and Weather during the Summer over the Island of Oahu

By Hiep Van Nguyen – A thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Meteorology – December 2006

2004

Phytoremediation in Subtropical Hawaii—A Review of Over 100 Plant Species

By Daniel G. Paquin, Sonia Campbell, and Qing X. Li – Remediation Journal – Volume 14, Number 2, March 2004

Phytoremediation is an emerging multidisciplinary field of science and technology. It uses plants and associated microbes to cleanse chemically contaminated air, soil, and water. Research activities to advance the science and technology have been carried out in the past decade. Several of its applications are phytoaccumulation, phytovolatilization, phytotransformation, rhizosphere filtration, and phytostabilization. The technology is a permanent treatment option, has low capital and energy costs, and is aesthetically pleasing (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], 2000). It is, however, often incapable of dealing with high chemical concentrations, and is slower than and requires greater land area than alternative treatment methods. A generally accepted hypothesis is that phytoremediation is suitable in warm climates. This encourages research, demonstration, and application of phytoremediation in tropical and subtropical areas. The use of native plants for phytoremediation in Hawaii has a particular appeal, as they are compatible with the island ecosystems. Their use is feasible and alleviates concerns due to a possible introduction of invasive species into fragile ecosystems.

2003

FROM RESISTANCE TO AFFIRMATION, WE ARE WHO WE WERE: RECLAIMING NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE HAWAIIAN SOVEREIGNTY MOVEMENT 1990-2003

By Dr. Lynette Cruz – A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology

This dissertation examines Hawaiian history from a different perspective, one based on the Issue of legality, and on documentation that surfaced in the 1990s that challenges the United States’ claim to annexation of Hawaiʻi. The illegality of the takeover by haole businessmen, the resistance of Queen Lili'uokalani and her loyal subjects to the takeover, statements by then-President Grover Cleveland referencing the overthrow as an “Act of War,” in many ways set the tone for the present-day sovereignty movement.

[…] In Mākua, a small community protested the continued military bombing and use of their 'āina in a disrespectful and damaging way. By challenging the US Army, the Mākua community created for media, and the rest of the world, the metaphorical picture of David and Goliath, refusing to step out of the way of the giant military machine, and in doing so drew the support of communities throughout Hawaiʻi, on the US continent and abroad.

The Piko Club: Hiking Oʻahu in the 1930s

By Stewart Ball, Jr. – The Hawaiian Journal of History – Volume 37, 2003

On March 23, Judd, Wai'anae Ranger Ralph E. TurnerJr. and Foreman Ernest Landgraf hiked into Makua Valley to select a location for a new forestry trail. Two days of surveying determined the exact route up the cliffs at the back of the valley. On April 28—29, Ranger Max Landgraf, Foreman Ernest Landgraf, and a six-man Puerto Rican crew cleared the trail all the way to the Wai'anae crest. Judd introduced the Piko Club to the new Piko Trail on May 5. Twenty-five members and guests easily scaled the Makua cliffs to the summit ridge. They rested briefly at a six-bunk forestry cabin, newly built just below the crest near Pahole spring. The group then descended the Mokule'ia side on a contour trail to the waiting cars.

[…]

Like the club, the Piko Trail is long gone, but the twin pines marking its end stand today. To see them, take Mokule'ia Trail through Peacock Flat campground. At the small shelter, turn right and climb briefly to the Wai'anae crest. Turn right again on Mākua Rim Trail and walk five minutes to the pines. Very likely you will have the spot
to yourself, so go ahead and yell "Pehea kou piko?" I have tried that several times, but the only answer came from the wind soughing through the Piko pines.

2002

Environmental Destruction in the Name of National Security: Will the Old Paradigm Return in the Wake of September 11?

By Nancye L. Bethurem – Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy – Spring 2002

A new paradigm exists in connection with the environmental impacts of military training. A specific example of the new paradigm can be seen in connection with litigation in Hawaii. After years of protests, community activism, and Congressional inquiries, suit was filed in 1998 against the U.S. Army by a community group, Malama Makua, ("malama" being the Hawaiian word for "care for" or "cherish."), alleging a failure to comply with NEPA in relation to training at Makua Military Reservation ("Makua"), a training range on the Waianaea Coast of Oahu, state of Hawaii. The lawsuit was initially settled when the Army agreed to prepare additional NEPA documentation. The Army then completed a supplemental environmental assessment for live fire training activities at Makua. The plaintiffs, Malama Makua, filed suit again, alleging that an EIS should have been completed, instead of the supplemental environmental assessment. In July 2001, the federal district court issued a temporary injunction that prevented the resumption of military training at Makua. 98 A final hearing on motions for summary judgment in the litigation was scheduled for October 2001.

2001

Reclaiming the Earth from Military Destruction

By John Lindsay-Poland – Fellowship; New York – Volume 67, Numbers 7-8, August 31, 2001

It may seem obvious, but it needs to be stated: the military's mission of destroying enemies has terrible consequences for the health of the earth, water, and air on which human life depends. That destruction is a result not only of combat operations, but of military training and the operation and maintenance of ships, aircraft, and other polluting machines.

1999

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND ARMY TRAINING: A DICHOTOMY

By James S. Shutt, Major, US Army – A research report submitted to the Faculty of Air Command and Staff College, Air University, in partial fulfillment of the graduation requirements – April 1999

Effects from Archaeological Sites: Since military land is undeveloped, the development that has characterized the civilian sector and limited archaeological finds has now become another factor that has limited military training. Archaeologists flock to federal lands to explore, and they find many things. On any DOD installation map now, there for all to see on the overprinting, is the latest discovery of archaeological sites. In most cases the discovery has been facilitated by the openness and attempts to cooperate with civilian ecological concerns. On Schofield Barracks, in the Wainae [sic] community, in the Makua valley live fire site, there are over 30 archaeological sites, including a heiau. A heiau is an ancient Hawaiian religious site of particular cultural significance.

This particular valley, called Makua, is of importance to Hawaiians and military personnel alike. For over 50 years it has been used as a training site for live fire and amphibious training. It provided door gunner (aerial live fire training) to a generation of combat soldiers before Vietnam. It has continued to provide Army, Marines, Naval and other DOD agencies the only live fire facility of its kind on the island of Oahu. Yet, with the discovery of these ancient sites, the plethora of endangered plants, and the endangered species, Makua has become a very difficult place to train; one more akin to a nature preserve than a training area. 

[While Mākua Valley may be of importance to military personnel, as stated by James S. Schutt, it is a false equivalency to state that Mākua is of importance to “Hawaiians and military personnel alike.” Mākua Valley is a sacred space to the Kānaka Maoli people, who are the Indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands. The forced dispossession of the Indigenous land of Mākua Valley at the hands of the US military, not too dissimilar to other forced dispossessions of other Indigenous lands outside Hawaiʻi by the US federal government, is a source of cultural trauma passed down through generations that directly impacts cultural and religious practice and quality of life. The inability of Kānaka Maoli to inhabit and care for Mākua has demonstrably and tragically impacted the community, whereas any impact on the inability for a soldier to take part in live-fire training in sacred Mākua is, at most, inconvenience. –Webmaster]

Imagining Hawaiian struggle and self-determination through the works of Nā Maka o ka ʻĀina

By J. Kehaulani Kauanui – Pacific Studies – Volume 22, Number 2, June 1999

Much of the discourse of Pacific peoplesʻ use of video production focuses on “preserving culture” through documenting oral histories, indigenous languages, and family genealogies. In Hawaiian contexts, most videos zoom in on resistance to the ongoing neocolonial threats to Hawaiian culture and the suppression of the exercise of Hawaiian sovereignty. Production company Nā Maka o ka ʻĀina is the most prominent force in Hawaiian video creations.

Genetic variation in an apomictic grass, Heteropogon contortus, in the Hawaiian Islands

By Debbie A. Carino and Curtis C. Daehler – Molecular Ecology journal – Volume 8, June 1999

Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess genetic variation within and among Hawaiian populations of an apomictic grass, Heterogopon contortus (pili grass). From among 56 individuals sampled from six populations on O’ahu and Hawai’i, 55 unique genotypes were detected using 33 polymorphic markers. This lack of uniformity among individuals may indicate frequent sexual reproduction in these popula- tions. Analysis of molecular variance (amova) revealed significant variation among popu- lations (30.2%), but higher levels of variation within populations (68.1%). Cluster analysis revealed a high degree of clustering for most populations, but populations from different islands did not cluster together. The presence of among-population differentiation but lack of between-island differentiation may suggest that H. contortus was an early Polynesian introduction to the Hawaiian Islands.

EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN FLORAL STRUCTURE WITHIN LEPIDIUM L. (BRASSICACEAE)

By John L. Bowman, Holger Brüggemann, Ji-Young Lee, and Klaus Mummenhoff – International Journal of Plant Sciences – Volume 160, Number 5

While floral structure varies greatly among angiosperms as a whole, at lower taxonomic levels floral structure is usually highly conserved. This conservation suggests that floral structure is under strict genetic control. One approach to under- standing the genetic control of floral ground plans is to analyze patterns in floral ground plan variation between closely related species. This approach assumes that the differences between species arise from the fixation of relatively few genetic deter- minants. Brassicaceae provide a tractable model because the floral ground plan is remarkably conserved among the family’s more than 3000 species in ca. 350 genera (Schulz 1936; Cron- quist 1981; Endress 1992). The stereotypical Brassicaceae flower consists of four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and two carpels. The six stamens are arranged so that four are in medial positions and two are in lateral positions within the flower. While deviations from this basic ground plan are rare within Brassicaceae as a whole (for review, see Endress 1992), reductions in floral organ numbers are common within the genus Lepidium, which consists of ca. 175 species (fig. 1; Thellung 1906; Hewson 1981; Al-Shehbaz 1986; Rollins 1993). Stamens are reduced from six to two in ca. one-half of the species, while a further one-eighth have only four stamens (Al-Shehbaz 1986). In the case of species with two stamens, stamens develop in medial positions only. Species with four stamens can have four medial stamens or two lateral and two medial stamens. In addition, petals are reportedly absent from ca. one-quarter of the Lepidium species, and they are rudimentary in many others. Thus, the basic ground plan of Brassicaceae is found in less than half of the Lepidium species. 

1990

Evolution of Dioecy in Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae) in the Hawaiian Islands: Biogeographical and Ecological Factors

By Stephen G. Weller, Ann K. Sakai, Warren L. Wagner, and Derral R. Herbst – Systematic Botany journal – Volume 15, Number 2, April-June 1990

Abstract: Breeding systems in Schiedea and Alsinidendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae) were characterized in order to determine whether the dioecy that occurs in Schiedea evolved in situ in the Hawaiian Islands. The occurrence of hermaphroditism in 14 of the 22 species of Schiedea, as well as outgroup comparison, indicate that dioecy is a derived breeding system. Species diversity and endemism are greatest on the older Hawaiian Islands, suggesting that these islands were colonized first. Diclinous breeding systems are more common on the older islands, probably because of the greater length of time available for the evolutionary transition from hermaphroditism to dicliny. Dicliny appears to reduce the probability of inter-island colonizations; among extant species those with hermaphroditic breeding systems are more likely to occur on more than a single island. Based on distributional patterns, it appears likely that dicliny has evolved at least three and possibly six times in Schiedea. Species occurring in dry areas are likely to have evolved from wet or diverse mesic forest ancestors. As species of Schiedea shifted to dry habitats, the evolution of dicliny appears to have been favored, perhaps by loss of pollinators and subsequent increased selfing rates. Under such conditions, the expression of inbreeding depression may have favored unisexual individuals and the evolution of dioecy.

1988

Reprint: Testimony of Edward Halealoha Ayau before the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs: Subject: The Restoration of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Land

American Indian Law Review – Volume 14, Number 2, 1988/1989

Mr. Chairman, Governor Waihe'e, Kia 'Aina Mili Trask, Ali'i Nui Kalokuokamaile Elua, Trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Aunty Peggy Ha'o Ross, kapo'e Hawai'i, aloha kakou. My name is Edward Halealoha Ay au. I am a Hawaiian from Moloka'i, land of Hina and Lanikaula. I am a third year law student and co-president of the Native American Law Students at the University of Colorado. I am also a law clerk at the Native American Rights Fund.

As a Hawaiian I am deeply committed to two very mutual principles: first, the restoration of sovereignty for Hawaiians, and second, aloha 'aina, love for this land. As we all know, both prin ciples go hand in hand, as the Hawaiian embodies the timeless beauty of these islands. Regretfully, that very beauty was scarred by the events of 1893, whereby the Hawaiian sovereign government was wrongfully overthrown, and later in 1894 when the U.S. Foreign Relations Committee wrongfully issued their report condoning the actions of Minister Stevens and other extremists who aided in the overthrow.

1987

The Identity of the Genus neowawraea (Euphorbiaceae)

By W. John Hayden – Brittonia journal – Volume 39, Number 2, April-June 1987

The monotypic genus Neowawraea was established by Joseph Rock (1913) based on material collected from the rough 'a'a lava flows of Mauna Loa, Hawai'i. The rarity of this tree and the infrequency of reproductive material, especially pistillate flowers, on herbarium specimens have hitherto hampered efforts to establish its relationships. Most students of the Hawaiian flora (Neal, 1965; St. John, 1973; Fosberg & Herbst, 1975; Carlquist, 1980) have followed the lead of Sherff(1939) who transferred the sole species to Drypetes Vahl. Alternatively, Stone (1967) and Webster (1975) maintained generic status for Neowawraea, as did Hayden and Brandt (1984) in a comparative study of its wood anatomy since this tissue clearly shows Neowawraea to be distinct from Drypetes and suggests a relationship with tribe Phyllantheae. Similarly, Levin (1986a, 1986b, 1986c), on the basis of leaf architecture, has argued for the removal of Neowawraea from tribe Drypeteae, also noting much greater similarity with Phyllantheae, specifically with Flueggea Willd. and Margaritaria L. f.

1985

STATUS OF THE NATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

By Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Rylan S.N. Yee – Hawaii's Terrestrial Ecosystesms: Preservation and Management – 1985

Estimates of the total number of native Hawaiian plants are widely divergent because of differences in species concepts; our evaluation suggests 1,200-1,300 native species. Hawaifi has the highest number of can- didate threatened and endangered plants for the United States (31%), with approximately 10% of the native flowering plants already extinct. Although a modern taxonomic review of the Hawaiian flora will reduce the number of taxa considered valid, roughly 50% of the flora will still be considered threatened or endan- gered. Currently 11 Hawaiian plants are listed as en- dangered, one has been proposed as endangered, and the documentation for an additional 9 is currently under review.

Monograph of the Hawaiian Species of Pleomele (Liliaceae) Hawaiian Plant Studies 103

By Harold St. John – Pacific Science journal – Volume 39, Number 2, April 1985

Abstract: This paper gives a monographic treatment, based on morphology, of Pleomele (Liliaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. It recognizes as island endemics three species on Hawaii, two on Oahu, and one each on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Lanai. The new species are P. auwahiensis, P. Halaapepe, P. kaupulehuensis, P. konaensis, and P. Rockii.

1984

Ring of steel: notes on the militarization of hawaii

By Ian Lind – Social Process in Hawaii journal, The Political-Economy of Hawaii (special edition) – Volume 31, 1984/1985

This brief essay examines the militarization of Hawaii from a different, perhaps more intimate, perspective. Moving closer to the actual dynamics of militarism, it concentrates on civil-military relations in Hawaii, and begins to suggest the outline of a political theory - that is, one capable of sustaining politics in action. The local focus does not imply a willingness to simply dismiss the import of events external to the islands, but rather to dramatically emphasize the view that all such events are necessarily mediated by the reactions and feelings of the people involved. In this view, for example, the obvious fact that American strategy in the Pacific led to an expanded military presence in Hawaii is simply not as important as whether this was welcomed or resented, accepted or resisted; for it is in these reactions that one can identify the seeds of political change.

[…]

[T]he growth of Hawaii's civilian population has exacerbated competition for use of land at the same time that new military technology demands increases in training activities. Areas devoted to training activities, including Makua Valley and the Kahuku Training area on Oahu, Barking Sands on Kauai, Kahoolawe, and Pohakuloa on the island of Hawaii, comprise the bulk of military-controlled lands in the State, and even military authorities admit that their use is "increasingly incompatible with urban growth" (U.S. Army Support Command, 1979:145; also Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1979; Kelly & Quintal, 1977). In an international survey, Lumsden (1981; also Lumsden, n.d.) found that tensions caused by increasingly incompatible civilian and military demands for usable land are growing more common in all parts of the world. It is, therefore, not surprising that the training areas in Hawaii have been at the center of growing political conflicts between military authorities and the civilian community.

1983

NEW TAXA AND NEW COMBINATIONS IN HAWAIIAN BIDENS (ASTERACEAE)

By Fred R. Ganders and Kenneth M. Nagata – Lyonia: Occasional Papers of the Harold L. Lyon Arboretum – Volume 2, Number 1, November 1983

In the course of our investigation of the genetics of adaptive radiation and evolution of Bidens in the Hawaiian Islands, it has been necessary to revise the group taxonomically. Here we describe four new subspecies and make three new combinations at the rank of subspecies. It will be useful to have valid names published for use in other papers before our monograph is published.

We have also included a key to all taxa of Bidens in the Hawaiian Islands. Presently available keys to the Hawaiian taxa do not work, and include many species unworthy of any taxonomic recognition. Our key should be useful to ecologists or others who may need to identify Bidens in Hawai'i. It includes introduced taxa that have been collected in the islands in the last 80 years. Bidens laevis is excluded. It was collected several times before 1900, but probably does not persist on the islands.

1979

The Native Hawaiian species of Morinda (Rubiaceae) Hawaiian Plant Studies 94

By Harold St. John – Pacific Science: A Quarterly Devoted to the Biological and Physical Sciences of the Pacific Region – Volume 33, Number 4

As on most other islands in the tropical Pacific Morinda citrifolia L. occurs on the Hawaiian Islands. It was an economic plant for the aboriginal people who used it as a dye plant and as a medicine. It is now not uncommon in the lowlands, and it continues to propagate itself. However, its occurrence is mostly in the vicinity of present or former habitations of the Hawaiians. It seems evident that this species, the "noni" of the natives, was purposely brought here by the early Polynesian immigrants. It occurs from Africa, southern Asia, the Indian Ocean islands, and the tropical Pacific islands eastward to Hawaii.

Besides the introduced Morinda citrifolia, there are native species in the Hawaiian Islands. Morinda trimera of Maui was published by Hillebrand in 1888, and Morinda sandwicensis and its var. glabrata were published by Degener in 1936. Subsequent collections and the present investigation now add to this total. Species or varieties are known on east Maui, west Maui, Lanai, the Waianae Mts. of Oahu, and the Koolau Range of Oahu. A single sterile collection has also been made on Kauai.

1978

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF HAWAIIAN FLOWERING PLANTS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CYTOLOGY IN SELECTED TAXA

By Gerald D. Carr – American Journal of Botany – Volume 65, Number 2, February 1978

Chromosome numbers are reported for 128 species of flowering plants indigenous or endemic to Hawaii, including first reports for 13 genera and 82 species. The special significance of reports for Ilex, Tribulus. KeNsseria, Pisonia, Boerha0ia Jacquemontia, Claoxylon, Lipochaeta, Railliardia, and Dubautia are discussed. The cytological and morphological variation in Railliardia and Dubautia is considered and their treatment as congeners is advocated. The cytogeographic pattern in Dubautia and Railliardia and other factors suggest that the ancestral chromosome number of the Hawaiian tarweeds is n = 14. Their derivation from a western North American progenitor similar to Adenothamnus is considered plausible if not indeed likely.

1974

Submerged Shorelines and Shelves in the Hawaiian Islands and a Revision of Some of the Eustatic Emerged Shorelines

By Harold T. Stearns – Geological Society of American Bulletin – Volume 85, May 1974

All submerged shorelines described herein are either horizontal notches in rock or extensive narrow deposits of beachrocx, indicating a stillstand of the sea in the past. The shelves are broad, flat features, apparently drowned coral reefs.

The depth below sea level of the outer rim of a shelf, if a reef, is cited as sea level at the time the reef grew. The shoreward edge would give a more reliable elevation but is usually buried by talus. The rim of the fringing reef that lives around Oahu at the present time is about 1 ft below mean sea level. The sea did not stay long enough at any one level in Hawaii to plane extensivs shelves or to cut high cliffs during the late Pleistocene. It did not stay in one place long enough during the last 15,000 yr for the growth of the present fringing reef; hence, the living corals must form a thin veneer on an older reef.

1970

A Tagging Method for Small Cetaceans

By Kenneth S. Norris and Karen W. Pryor – Journal of Mammalogy – Volume 51, Number 3, August 1970

Although satisfactory methods have been developed for tagging whale available for porpoises and dolphins. Nishiwaki, Nakajima, and Tobayama Res. Inst., 20, 1966) pointed out that increasing use of these animals for fo scientific interest in their biology m ake such a m arking system desirable. at tagging, however, proved fruitless. At the Oceanic Institute (Makapuu P Oahu, Hawaii), an apparently satisfactory method of tagging dorsal fin and tested. Both captive animals and members of wild schools have b yellow plastic deer ear tags (Nasco, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin).

1968

A Geological and Ecological Reconnaissance off Western Oahu, Hawaii, Principally by Means of the Research Submarine "Asherah"

By Vernon E Brock and Theodore C. Chamberlin – Pacific Science – Volume 22, July 1968

In November 1965 a combined geological and ecological reconnaissance of the sea floor off western Oahu was undertaken using a variety of methods and techniques to maximize both the range and reliability of the information obtained. Bottom topography and fish concentrations were surveyed with a precision echo sound recorder for which the transducer was towed in a streamlined housing below the research ship.

Photographic bottom surveys were also made with an automatic stereo-camera system, and some bottom dredging and trawling were undertaken to secure samples of the bottom and the biota. Direct visual observations were also made using a small research submarine largely in the depth range of 25-180 meters.

1967

New Localities for Hawaiian Mosses

By Douglas R. Smith – The Bryologist journal – Volume 70, Number 2, Summer 1967

Abstract. One hundred twelve mosses are reported from Hawaii with 78 as new additions to the individual floras of the six larger islands. Eighteen species previously known from a single island have been found on other islands. Glossadelphus, previously known only from Maui, is reported from Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai.

1965

Open ocean diving test with a trained porpoise

By Kenneth S. Norris, Howard A. Baldwin, and Dorothy J. Samson

Diving tests were conducted with a free swimming rough-tooth porpoise off Pokai Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, in which the porpoise was trained to dive and depress a lever-actuated buzzer suspended from a calibrated cable. Fifty-one dives were made in 1 3/4 hr, the deepest to approximately 30m. At this depth 18 sec were required from surface to receipt of the signal. The buzzer was thought to have attracted sharks, which frightened the animal away.

1958

The Endemic Genus Cillaeopeplus of Hawaii, with Descriptions of Two New Species

By E.J. Ford, Jr. – Hawaiian Entomological Society journal – Volume 16, Number 3, July 1958

Before 1908 all the endemic Hawaiian Nitidulidae were placed in the genus Brachypeplus established by Erichson in 1842 for some Australian nitidulids. Dr. D. Sharp established the genus Cillaeopeplus in 1908 (Fauna Hawaiiensis 3:505-506) with three included species, two of them new and one previously described by him in Brachypeplus. There has been little new information on this genus since. In 1948 E. C. Zimmerman stated that Cillaeopeplus is a de rivative of the SW. Pacific genus Brachypeplus (Insects of Hawaii 1:82).

1956

A Taxonomic Revision of the Hawaiian Species of the Genus Sophora Llnnaeus (Family Leguminosae)

By Alvin C. Chock – Pacific Science journal – Volume 10, April 1956

This paper is based upon a study of the endemic Hawaiian species of the genus Sophora L. Previous to the present revision, these en- demic taxa were identified as: Sophora chry- sophylla (Salisb.) Seem., S. chrysophylla vaL glabrata (Gray) Rock, S. grisea Degener and Sherff, and the taxon ttnifoliata (Rock, 1919: 44) as a variety of S. chrysophylla or as a species (Degener and Sherff, in Sherff, 1951: 24).

In addition to these species, there are three introduced species in the Hawaiian Islands: S. tomentosa L., S. japonica L., and S. tetraptera Forst. The latter two were introduced by Rock (1920: 21). These species are not included in this revision.

The plants of Hawaii are noted for poly-morphism. This is thought to be due to the isolation and varied ecological habitats of the Hawaiian Islands, and the high endemism (94.4%) of the flora (Fosberg, 1948: 107).

1952

Composition of Certain Native Dry Forests: Mokuleia, Oahu, T.H.

By William H. Hatheway – Ecological Monographs journal – Volume 22, Number 2, April 1952

The richness in tree species of Hawaiian dry for- ests has attracted the attention of many botanists. Rock (1913) thought it possible to collect more spe- cies in dry forests in a single day than in "a week or two" in the rainforests. Selling (1948) stated: "More than half of the many species of trees in these islands belong to this dry forest." He thought, however, that dry forests had mostly disappeared from Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and West Maui, and that only scattered remnants remained elsewhere. The recent studies of Hosaka (1937) and Egler (1939, 1942, 1947) tended to support this view. Nevertheless, scattered refer- ences to "botanical bananzas" in remote areas of Oahu exist in the literature. Thus Judd (1931) reported: "An interesting mine of 42 different species of Hawaiian trees was discovered in a small gulch in Makua Valley, on Oahu." His mention of "Mehamehame" (Drypetes phyllanthoides (Rock) Sherff) and "Kala- mona" (Cassia gaudichaudii Hook. & Arn.) trees leaves little doubt that he was dealing with a dry forest.

1945

Some Additions to the Genus dodonaea L. (Fam. Sapindaceae)

By Earl Edward Sherff – American Journal of Botany – Volume 32, Number 4, April 1945

1941

New or Otherwise Noteworthy Plants from the Hawaiian Islands

By Earl Edward Sherff – American Journal of Botany – Volume 28, Number 1, January 1941

In the course of a monographic study of the genus Pittosporum Banks insofar as it is represented in the Hawaiian Islands, I have found various new species and varieties, many of which are set forth in the following pages. To these are added descriptions of a few novelties and certain notes pertaining to established entities in the genera Phyllostegia Benth., Stenogyne Benth., Railliardia Gaud., Lipochaeta DC., and Bidens L.

1935

Two new Hawaiian beetles

By R.C.L. Perkins – Proceedings of Hawaiian Entomological Society for the Year 1934 – Volume 9, Number 1

Holcobius pikoensis sp. nov.

Dark brown or piceous, length 5 mm. Closely allied to H. minor Perkins, but more elongate and with the interstices of the elytra much more strongly sculptured. The two specimens sent are very much alike and of similar size, but some small difference in the apical abdominal sternite leads me to sus pect that these represent the sexes. If so, the species is no doubt larger than H. minor. The pronotum is shining above and finely punctured, but at the sides has a dense, granulate or rough sculpture, and in the one example the sculpture of the disc is rather different from that of the other, the punctures tending to become granulate. In color, clothing and form of the antennal joints the species resembles H. minor. Hab.—Oahu, Waianae Mts., on the Piko trail in Makua Valley. Bred by Swezey from dead branches of Neowawraea phyllan- thoides Rock, an extremely rare endemic tree.